PERSONAL COMPUTER

While most capacitors are rated for hours of operation at °C their expected design life roughly doubles for every °C below this. At °C a lifetime of years can be expected. This appears reasonable for a computer motherboard however many manufacturers have delivered substandard capacitorscitation needed which significantly reduce life expectancy. Inadequate case cooling and elevated temperatures easily exacerbate this problem. It is possible but tedious and timeconsuming to find and replace failed capacitors on PC motherboards it is less expensive to buy a new motherboard than to pay for such a repair.citation neededMotherboards are produced in a variety of sizes and shapes form factors some of which are specific to individual computer manufacturers. However the motherboards used in IBMcompatible commodity computers have been standardized to fit various case sizes.

Laptop computers generally use highly integrated miniaturized and customized motherboards. This is one of the reasons that laptop computers are difficult to upgrade and expensive to repair. Often the failure of one laptop component requires the replacement of the entire motherboard which is usually more expensive than a desktop motherboard due to the large number of integrated components. Almost all medium to high end Nvidia cards and most high end ATI cards support the technology.Prior to the advent of the microprocessor a computer was usually built in a cardcage case or mainframe with components connected by a backplane consisting of a set of slots themselves connected with wires in very old designs the wires were discrete connections between card connector pins but printedcircuit boards soon became the standard practice. The central processing unit memory and peripherals were housed on individual printed circuit boards which plugged into the backplane.

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CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT

Motherboards are generally air cooled with heat sinks often mounted on larger chips such as the northbridge in modern motherboards. If the motherboard is not cooled properly then this can cause the motherboard to crash. Passive cooling or a single fan mounted on the power supply was sufficient for many desktop computer CPUs until the late s since then most have required CPU fans mounted on their heatsinks due to rising clock speeds and power consumption. Most motherboards have connectors for additional case fans as well. Newer motherboards have integrated temperature sensors to detect motherboard and CPU temperatures and controllable fan connectors which the BIOS or operating system can use to regulate fan speed. Some higherpowered computers which typically have highperformance processors and large amounts of RAM as well as highperformance video cards use a watercooling system instead of many fans.

Some small form factor computers and home theater PCs designed for quiet and energyefficient operation boast fanless designs. This typically requires the use of a lowpower CPU as well as careful layout of the motherboard and other components to allow for heat sink placement.A study found that some spurious computer crashes and general reliability issues ranging from screen image distortions to IO readwrite errors can be attributed not to software or peripheral hardware but to aging capacitors on PC motherboards. Ultimately this was shown to be the result of a faulty electrolyte formulation. For more information on premature capacitor failure on PC motherboards see capacitor plague.Motherboards use electrolytic capacitors to filter the DC power distributed around the board. These capacitors age at a temperaturedependent rate as their water based electrolytes slowly evaporate. This can lead to loss of capacitance and subsequent motherboard malfunctions due to voltage instabilities.

While most capacitors are rated for hours of operation at °C their expected design life roughly doubles for every °C below this. At °C a lifetime of years can be expected. This appears reasonable for a computer motherboard however many manufacturers have delivered substandard capacitorscitation needed which significantly reduce life expectancy. Inadequate case cooling and elevated temperatures easily exacerbate this problem. It is possible but tedious and timeconsuming to find and replace failed capacitors on PC motherboards it is less expensive to buy a new motherboard than to pay for such a repair.citation neededMotherboards are produced in a variety of sizes and shapes form factors some of which are specific to individual computer manufacturers. However the motherboards used in IBMcompatible commodity computers have been standardized to fit various case sizes.

Laptop computers generally use highly integrated miniaturized and customized motherboards. This is one of the reasons that laptop computers are difficult to upgrade and expensive to repair. Often the failure of one laptop component requires the replacement of the entire motherboard which is usually more expensive than a desktop motherboard due to the large number of integrated components. Almost all medium to high end Nvidia cards and most high end ATI cards support the technology.Prior to the advent of the microprocessor a computer was usually built in a cardcage case or mainframe with components connected by a backplane consisting of a set of slots themselves connected with wires in very old designs the wires were discrete connections between card connector pins but printedcircuit boards soon became the standard practice. The central processing unit memory and peripherals were housed on individual printed circuit boards which plugged into the backplane.

Article Source:- http://www.motherboas.webs.com/

Motherboard

A motherboard is the central printed circuit board PCB in some complex electronic systems such as modern personal computers. The motherboard is sometimes alternatively known as the mainboard system board or on Apple computers the logic board. It is also sometimes casually shortened to moboMost computer motherboards produced today are designed for IBMcompatible computers which currently account for around of global PC salescitation needed. A motherboard like a backplane provides the electrical connections by which the other components of the system communicate but unlike a backplane it also hosts the central processing unit and other subsystems and devicesMotherboards are also used in many other electronics devices.A typical desktop computer has its microprocessor main memory and other essential components on the motherboard.

Other components such as external storage controllers for video display and sound and peripheral devices may be attached to the motherboard as plugin cards or via cables although in modern computers it is increasingly common to integrate some of these peripherals into the motherboard itself.An important component of a motherboard is the microprocessors supporting chipset which provides the supporting interfaces between the CPU and the various buses and external components. This chipset determines to an extent the features and capabilities of the motherboard.Additionally nearly all motherboards include logic and connectors to support commonlyused input devices such as PS connectors for a mouse and keyboard. Early personal computers such as the Apple II or IBM PC included only this minimal peripheral support on the motherboard.

Article Source:- http://www.motherboas.webs.com/

How to Setup an Out-of-Office Auto-Reply Message Without Exchange Server

Microsoft Outlook allows you to set a rule on your account to automatically check incoming messages and reply with a designated email to let your contacts know that you are out of the office. The following are step-by-step instructions on setting up such a rule:

1. Open Microsoft Outlook.

2. Click on "New," to open a new email message.

3. There, type in the subject line and body as you would like the auto-reply message to show. Leave the "To" line blank.

4. Click, "File," and then "Save As" to save the file. In the "Save as Type" box, select "Outlook Template .oft."

Note: If you do not see the "Outlook Template.oft" option here, you must make Outlook the default email editor. To do so, click "Tools," "Options," the "Mail Format" tab, uncheck the box that says "Use Microsoft Word to Edit Email Messages," click "Apply," and then "OK."

5. Close the email message you just created.

6. When Outlook asks you if you want to save the message, select "No."

7. Open the Rules screen by clicking "Tools" and then "Rules and Alerts."

8. Click on "New Rule."

9. Select "Start from a blank rule."

10. Select "Check messages when they arrive."

11. Click "Next."

12. Do not check any of the boxes under "Which condition(s) do you want to check."

13. Click "Next."

14. When the box pops up asking "This rule will be applied to every message you receive. Is this correct?" - Click "Yes."

15. Under "Step 1," click the box next to "reply using a specific template."

16. Under "Step 2," click on the link "a specific template."

17. Click the arrow next to "Look In."

18. Select "User Templates in the File System."

19. Click on the Out of Office Reply you created in step 3. The name will be whatever you wrote as the subject of the email.

20. Click Open.

21. Click "Next" on the Rules Wizard two times (on the "What do you want to do with the message?" and "Are there any exceptions?" screens.

22. If you want to turn on the auto-reply message immediately, click finish. If you would like to wait to turn on the auto-reply later, uncheck the "Turn on this rule" box and click finish.

23. Click "Apply" to save

24. Click "OK" to exit

25. If you left the "Turn on this rule" box checked, your Out of Office Auto-Reply is now working!

26. You can test it's functionality by sending yourself an email doing a send/receive two times. If you receive the test message and the auto-reply, you have completed the steps correctly!

Additional Notes
Make Sure Your Rule Works - Leave Your Computer on!
The out of office auto-reply feature only works if you have your computer on, your Outlook open, and the email account sent to automatically send/receive. Make sure that you are set up to do so under "Tools," "Options," the "Mail Setup" tab, and "Send/Receive" option screen. You can schedule an automatic send/receive at any interval you prefer. Once your computer is set up correctly, you can put it in "Hibernate" mode, where you can continue to receive and reply to messages without leaving the computer in full power. To do so, click "Start," "Shut Down," and change the option box to "Hibernate." Feel free to turn off the monitor while you are gone and just leave the computer to silently check your mail.

Turning the Auto-Reply on at a Later Time
If you unchecked the "Turn on this rule" box during setup, you can turn on the auto reply at a later time by following these easy steps:

1. In Outlook, click "Tools" and then "Rules and Alerts"
2. Click the checkbox next to the rule you created.
3. Click "Apply."
4. Click "OK."
5. Your rule is now turned on!

Turning the Auto Reply Off
When you get back to the office, just follow these simple steps to turn the Auto-Reply off:
1. Click "Tools" and select "Rules and Alerts"
2. Uncheck the box next to the Auto-Reply rule
3. Click "Apply"
4. Click "OK"
5. The rule is now turned off!

Editing the Reply Message
After using the Out-of-Office reply once, you don't need to redo the whole process the next time you are out of the office. Follow the steps on the following slides to change your message:
1. The trickiest part is finding the message again, click in the following order:
Start Bar
"My Computer"
"Local Disk (C:)"
"Documents and Settings"
Your Name (one folder will be the name of the computer)
"Application Data"
"Microsoft"
"Templates"
Finally- The Out of Office Message! 2. First- so you never have to go through that again, right click on the email and select "Desktop (Create Shortcut)." That way, you can just open the file directly from there in the future.
3. Edit the text of the message to read what you would like the Auto-Reply message to say.
4. Click, "File," and then "Save As" to save the file.
5. In the "Save as Type" box, select "Outlook Template .oft."
6. Close the email message you just created.
7. When Outlook asks "The file already exists. Do you want to replace the file?' Select "Yes."
8. Turn on the rule using the directions above.
Ryan Hemphill Want more tutorials like this? Email Me
Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/?expert=Ryan_Hemph

Watch TV on the Computer - TV Stations You Can Watch on Your Computer

Being able to watch TV on the computer is awesome. Especially when you're able to watch some of your favorite shows and programs. You're probably not sure which ones you can get or where to watch them from. So, what I'm going to do is share with you some TV stations and programs you can watch on your computer.

That way, you'll be able to see your favorite shows on your PC.

The stations and programs you can watch are:

1. Sports. This is great if you are a sports fan or if you enjoy watching a game every now and again. You can watch any sports game on your computer. The cool thing is, you can actually watch some of the games that your cable company doesn't carry.

2. News. If you want to stay up-to-date on what's happening in the world, then you can do this by watching TV on your computer. You can do this from anywhere in the world, which is great. So, if you want to keep up with the current events, be sure to watch TV on the computer.

3. TV Shows. If you have a favorite show that you like to watch, you can do this on your PC. You can do this from anywhere in the world, too. All you will need is your computer and internet.

4. Movies. Watching movies on your computer is fun. If you have a favorite movie channel or if you like watching movies, you can do this on your computer. There are TV channels that will allow you to view all of your favorite movies.

These are some of the programs and stations you can watch on your PC. Actually, there are thousands of channels and stations you can get for your computer. So, if you really want to have fun and see all of your shows, be sure to watch tv on the computer. You will really enjoy it.

To watch thousands of TV channels and programs on your computer, click on the link below:
Watch TV On The Computer

Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/?expert=Tony_B._Smith